Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2/e

About

This book has been updated with all the latest aspects such as preventive measures controlled by women, sexuality rights, Sexuality education of adolescent and children, Partner notification, surveillance and integration of sexual health and HIV services, Public health aspect of STI control etc. It provides an elaborate coverage on STI including the latest developments in the area.

Key Features

• Covers all aspects (historical, epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, preventative, public health and medico-legal) of STIs in complete detail with a special emphasis on STIs in special groups—migrants, homosexuals, and sexually abused.
• Covers basic and laboratory sciences extensively to blend with the basics required by the clinician for proper understanding of the disease process.
• Clinical photographs, illustrations, photographs of specimens and cultures, histopathology, flow charts and line diagrams are given extensively throughout the text to make relevant clinical situation self-explanatory.
• Has very useful and practical information for even the clinician in the periphery, where the investigative component is either non-existent or very basic and many new drugs are not available or unaffordable.
• Management of HIV in adults and children in resource-poor countries has been covered extensively along with syndromic management of STIs. This enables a physician to choose from approaches in a particular situation depending upon the available means—laboratory or therapeutic.
• Covers sexual dysfunction in both men and women and the basics of human sexual behavior and sexual health.
• Section Editors and Contributors from all continents of the world have made this a truly global reference book.
• It is a useful reference text for epidemiologists, public health experts, clinicians, microbiologists, health workers, social organizations and counselors working in the field of STIs, sexual health, and HIV.

Table of Contents

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................................. v

Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................................. vii

Contributors ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ix  

section i Introduction  

Chapter 1 Sexual Health: Expanding Our Frame for Action ...................................................................................................... 3

Kevin A. Fenton  

Chapter 2 Historical Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Infections............................................................................................... 10

James S. Bingham  

section ii Epidemiology  

— Christopher Fairley  

Chapter 3 Global Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections ......................................................................................... 27

Ivonne Camaroni • Igor Toskin • Francis Ndowa • Antonio Carlos Gerbase  

Chapter 4 Global Epidemiology of HIV Infection ........................................................................................................................ 44

Hammad Ali • Joanne Micallef • Basil Donovan  

Chapter 5 Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Infections ................................................................................................ 57

Kaye Wellings  

Chapter 6 Surveillance for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV ...................................................................................... 64

Rebecca Guy  

Chapter 7 Epidemiological Interactions between HIV-1 and other STI: A Complex, Continuing Narrative ............... 74

Brian P. Mulhall  

section iii Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV  

— Christopher Fairley  

Chapter 8 Prevention Strategies for the Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections ........................................................... 91

Johannes van Dam  

Chapter 9 Behavioral and Counseling Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Infections (Including HIV) .............................. 99

Michael W. Ross • Lena Nilsson Schönnesson  

Chapter 10 Role of Behavioral Interventions in Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV ......... 106

Devinder Mohan Th appa • Amiya Kumar Nath  

Chapter 11 Condoms and Other Barrier Methods of STI and HIV Prevention ..................................................................... 117

Richard A. Crosby • Seth Noar • Sara Head • Elizabeth Webb

Chapter 12 Prevention of HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Male Circumcision ......................................... 134

Natasha L. Larke • Helen A. Weiss  

Chapter 13 Microbicides for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................ 139

G.P. Talwar • Kavita B. Garg  

Chapter 14 Information and Communication Technologies to Support HIV and STI Care in Developing Countries .......... 150

Walter H. Curioso • Magaly Blas • Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz • Freddy Canchihuaman • Patricia J. Garcia  

Chapter 15 Vaccines for Sexually Transmissible Infections ............................................................................................................. 161

Anna McNulty  

Chapter 16 Vaccines for HIV ................................................................................................................................................................169

Stephen J. Kent • Amy Sexton • Ivan Stratov • Robert De Rose  

Chapter 17 Partner Notifi cation for Sexually Transmitted Diseases ............................................................................................ 177

Matthew Hogben • Rachel Kachur • Molly Dowling • Lauren Green  

section iv Public Health Aspects of STI Control  

— Graham Neilsen  

Chapter 18 Implementation of STI Programs ...................................................................................................................................203

Gabriela Paz-Bailey • Jerry Owen Jacobson  

Chapter 19 Integrating STI Prevention, Care, and Treatment with Other Sexual and Reproductive Health Services ........ 220

Kathryn Church  

Chapter 20 Monitoring and Evaluating Sexually Transmitted Infection Control Programs .................................................. 234

Shanthi Noriega Minichiello • Timothy Ryan • Jerry Owen Jacobson • Gabriela Paz-Bailey  

section v Basic and Laboratory Sciences  

— Jonathan Ross  

Chapter 21 Anatomy of the Male Genital Tract ...............................................................................................................................249

Ashini Jayasuriya • Madhur Gupta  

Chapter 22 Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract ............................................................................................................................257

Ashini Jayasuriya • Madhur Gupta  

Chapter 23 Normal Genital Flora ........................................................................................................................................................264

Frances E. Keane  

Chapter 24 History and Physical Examination .................................................................................................................................269

Keith Radcliff e  

Chapter 25 Genital Mucosal Immunity Against Sexually Transmitted Infections ................................................................... 275

Satish K. Gupta • Manoj Modi • Nutan • Nachiket Shembekar • Shweta Malik • Suraj K. • Sanchita Chakravarty  

Chapter 26 Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections ........................................................................................ 287

Krishna Ray  

Chapter 27 Rapid Tests for the Detection of Sexually Transmitted Infections ......................................................................... 321

Rosanna W. Peeling  

section vi Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections  

— Raj Patel  

Chapter 28 Genital Herpes Simplex Infections ................................................................................................................................335

Raj Patel • Sangeetha Sundaram • Bhushan Kumar  

Chapter 29 Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infection: Natural History, Epidemiology, and Vaccination ................... 360

David Rowen • Paul Fox • Peter Goon

Chapter 30 Anogenital Warts, Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and their Clinical Management .................................................... 366

Paul Fox • David Rowen  

Chapter 31 Molluscum Contagiosum .................................................................................................................................................374

Jyoti K. Dhar  

Chapter 32 Hepatitis Viruses .................................................................................................................................................................380

Gary Brook • Yogesh Chawla  

Chapter 33 Human Cytomegalovirus Infection ...............................................................................................................................399

Krishna Ray • Manju Bala  

Chapter 34 Epstein–Barr Virus Infections .........................................................................................................................................412

Raj Patel  

Chapter 35 Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus ...........................................................................................................................................418

Rebecca Robey • Mark Bower  

section vii Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections  

— Jonathan Ross  

Chapter 36 Infectious Syphilis...............................................................................................................................................................429

Patrick French • Somesh Gupta • Bhushan Kumar  

Chapter 37 Late Syphilis .........................................................................................................................................................................458

Ashish Sukthankar • Anne M. Rompalo  

Chapter 38 Endemic Treponematoses .................................................................................................................................................467

C. Balachandran • Sathish Pai B  

Chapter 39 Gonococcal Infections .......................................................................................................................................................473

Bellum Shiva Nagi Reddy • Sujay Khandpur • Sunil Sethi • Magnus Unemo  

Chapter 40 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections ................................................................................................................................494

Nicola Steedman  

Chapter 41 Lymphogranuloma Venereum ..........................................................................................................................................506

Henry JC de Vries • Bellum Shiva Nagi Reddy • Sujay Khandpur  

Chapter 42 Chancroid .............................................................................................................................................................................522

Soni Nanda • B. Viswanath Reddy • Bellum Shiva Nagi Reddy  

Chapter 43Donovanosis.........................................................................................................................................................................533

Nigel O’Farrell  

Chapter 44 Bacterial Vaginosis ..............................................................................................................................................................542

Phillip Hay • Verapol Chandeying  

Chapter 45 Pelvic Infl ammatory Disease ............................................................................................................................................557

Jonathan D.C. Ross  

Chapter 46 Genital Mycoplasmas .........................................................................................................................................................569

Jørgen Skov Jensen  

Chapter 47 Sexually Transmitted Anorectal Infections and Enteric Bacterial Infections ....................................................... 578

Jason C.B. Goh • S. Joseph Winceslaus  

section viii Fungi, Protozoa, and Arthropods  

— Charlotte A. Gaydos  

Chapter 48 Genital Candidal Infections.............................................................................................................................................591

P. Janet Say

Chapter 49 Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections ...................................................................................................................................602

Barbara Van Der Pol  

Chapter 50 Intestinal Protozoa .............................................................................................................................................................610

Lara Stabinski • Mahesh Sharma • Vineet Ahuja  

Chapter 51 Scabies and Pediculosis Pubis ..........................................................................................................................................621

Peter Leone • T.V. Gopalkrishnan • V. Usha  

section ix Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes and their Management  

— Antonio Carlos Gerbase  

Chapter 52 Th e Syndromic Approach for the Management of STIs: An Overview ................................................................ 633

Ahmed S. Latif  

Chapter 53 Genital Ulcer-Adenopathy Syndrome ............................................................................................................................643

Francis Ndowa • Fatim Cham • Sibongile Dludlu  

Chapter 54 Urethral Discharge .............................................................................................................................................................652

Francis Ndowa • Sibongile Dludlu  

Chapter 55 Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis ............................................................................................................................658

Francis Ndowa • Sibongile Dludlu  

Chapter 56 Abnormal Vaginal Discharge: Syndromic Management ............................................................................................ 662

Verapol Chandeying • Nutthaporn Chandeying  

Chapter 57 Syndromic Management of Lower Abdominal Pain in Women ............................................................................. 679

Ahmed S. Latif  

Chapter 58 Inguinal and Femoral Buboes ..........................................................................................................................................683

Somesh Gupta • Bhushan Kumar  

section x Genital Dermatology and Genital Pain Syndrome  

— Mikhail Gomberg  

Chapter 59 Balanitis and Balanoposthitis ..........................................................................................................................................691

Michael Waugh • Sunil Dogra  

Chapter 60 Non-venereal Penile Dermatoses ....................................................................................................................................703

Christopher B. Bunker  

Chapter 61 Vulvar Dermatoses ..............................................................................................................................................................728

Mohammed Sharaf • Jennifer Gloeckner Powers • Andrew T. Goldstein • Nellie Konnikov  

Chapter 62 Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome ...........................................................................................................................................744

Jorma Paavonen • Leila Unkila-Kallio • Päivi Tommola  

Chapter 63 Male Genital Pain Syndromes .........................................................................................................................................747

G.A. Luzzi • D. Mandal  

section xi Sexually Transmitted Syndromes and Other Organ Systems  

— Jonathan Ross  

Chapter 64 Ocular Manifestations of Sexually Transmitted Infections ....................................................................................... 759

Jyotirmay Biswas • Parthopratim Dutta Majumder • Sudharshan S.  

Chapter 65 Arthritis Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections ....................................................................................... 768

Pradeep Bambery

section xii HIV Infection and AIDS

Part A HIV Infection: Biology, Laboratory Science, Clinical Pharmacology, and Therapeutics  

— Brian P. Mulhall  

Chapter 66 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus: Biology and Natural History of Infection ..................................................... 779

Sunil K. Arora • R.S. Paranjape • Srikanth Tripathy • Ajay Wanchu  

Chapter 67 HIV Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................................................................795

Jessica Markby • Claire Ryan  

Chapter 68 Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Drugs ...........................................................................................................................805

Tara McGinty • Patrick W.G. Mallon  

Chapter 69 Surrogate Markers of Antiretroviral Effi cacy ............................................................................................................... 826

Julian H. Elliott • Johan Van Griensven • James McMahon • Lutgarde Lynen  

Chapter 70 First Decade of ARV in Africa: Overcoming Barriers to Providing ARV Th erapy in Resource-Limited Settings .. 831

Nathan Ford • Alexandra Calmy  

Chapter 71 Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV Prevention ..................................................................................................................... 836

Hubert Maruszak • Don Smith • Brian P. Mulhall  

Part B Clinical Presentations  

— Janak K. Maniar  

Chapter 72 Acute HIV Infection .........................................................................................................................................................843

Sabine Kinloch • Steven J. Reynold • Robert C. Bollinger  

Chapter 73 Opportunistic Infections ..................................................................................................................................................849

Hiten Th aker • A.V. Balaji  

Chapter 74 Mucocutaneous Manifestations of HIV ........................................................................................................................ 871

Yogesh Marfatia • Ranjan Rawal • Keyur Shah • Smriti Naswa  

Chapter 75 Pulmonary Manifestations of HIV Disease .................................................................................................................. 894

Resham Vasani • Ratnakar Kamath • J.K. Maniar  

Chapter 76 Neurological Manifestations of HIV ..............................................................................................................................910

Arun B. Shah • Ramshekhar Menon  

Chapter 77 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS.................................................................................. 927

Saroj K. Sinha • Rakesh Kochhar  

Chapter 78 Renal Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS .................................................................................................... 951

Frank Post • Rushi Deshpande  

Chapter 79 HIV and Endocrine Manifestations ...............................................................................................................................960

Shiva Prakash • Ravinder Goswami  

Chapter 80 AIDS Associated Malignancies and Th eir Treatment ................................................................................................ 966

Mark Bower • David Shackleton • Justin Stebbing  

Chapter 81 Rheumatic Manifestations of HIV and AIDS ............................................................................................................. 980

Vikram A. Londhey • Milind Y. Nadkar  

Chapter 82 Cardiac Involvement in HIV Infection/AIDS ............................................................................................................ 988

Yash Paul Sharma • Rakesh Raman Patyar  

Chapter 83 Ocular Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS .................................................................................................. 993

Jyotirmay Biswas • Kaushal Bhavsar • Sudharshan S.  

Chapter 84 Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Infected Patients ....................................................................................... 1003

V. Harindra

Part C Human Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection in Special Groups  

— Brian P. Mulhall  

Chapter 85 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection in Women ............................................................................................. 1016

Noreen A. Hynes • Jean Anderson • Adriana Andrade  

Chapter 86 HIV in Children .................................................................................................................................................................1025

J. Lucey • C. Foster • T. Puthanakit • J. Ziegler • P. Palasanthiran  

Chapter 87 HIV Infection in Homosexual Men ..............................................................................................................................1037

Mark Bloch • Brian P. Mulhall • Charles Farthing • Richard Hillman  

Chapter 88 HIV in Blood and Blood Product Recipients .............................................................................................................. 1050

Roger J. Garsia  

Chapter 89 HIV in Injection and Other Drug Users ..................................................................................................................... 1061

Jaimie P. Meyer • Frederick L. Altice  

section xiii Sexually Transmitted Infections in Special Groups of Populations  

— Mikhail Gomberg  

Chapter 90 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Pregnancy .......................................................................................................... 1081

Sarla Malhotra  

Chapter 91 Sexually Transmitted Infections in Neonates and Infants ......................................................................................... 1095

P. Janet Say • Ravi Chandra Sharma  

Chapter 92 Congenital Syphilis ............................................................................................................................................................1103

Carlos Velásquez • Cristina Guerra-Giraldez • Lorenzo Giacani • Arturo Centurion-Lara • Patricia J. García  

Chapter 93 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Infertility ............................................................................................................ 1121

V.G. Padubidri • Sarla Malhotra  

Chapter 94 Aging, Sexual Behavior, and HIV/STI Risk ................................................................................................................ 1129

Massimo Giuliani  

Chapter 95 Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Female Sex Worker Community ............................................................. 1136

Samarjit Jana • Geeta Sethi • D. Mandal  

Chapter 96 Sexually Transmitted Infections Associated with Sexual Assault ............................................................................ 1146

P. Janet Say  

Chapter 97 Sexual Health of Migrant Populations ...........................................................................................................................1153

Andy J. Williams • Beng T. Goh  

section xiv Human Sexuality, Sexual Orientation, and Special Issues  

— Darren Russell  

Chapter 98 Human Sexuality ................................................................................................................................................................1165

D. Narayana Reddy  

Chapter 99 Homosexuality, Bisexuality, and Sexual Orientation .................................................................................................. 1174

David Bradford  

Chapter 100 Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women who have Sex with Women ..................................................... 1179

Jeanne Marrazzo • Devika Singh  

Chapter 101 Sexually Transmitted Infections in Transgender ......................................................................................................... 1188

Darren Russell  

Chapter 102 Sexual Abuse in Children .................................................................................................................................................1192

Savita Malhotra • Nitin Gupta • Anindya Banerjee

Chapter 103 Male Sexual Dysfunction ..................................................................................................................................................1203

Phillip Kell  

Chapter 104 Women’s Sexual Dysfunction ..........................................................................................................................................1210

Verapol Chandeying  

Chapter 105 Sexuality Education for Young People ...........................................................................................................................1221

Anne Mitchell • Jenny Walsh  

Chapter 106 Dhat Syndrome: A Culture-Bound Sex Related Disorder in Indian Subcontinent ........................................... 1225

Ajit Avasthi • Sandeep Grover • Om Prakash Jhirwal  

section xv Miscellaneous  

— Charlotte A. Gaydos  

Chapter 107 Clinical Services for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV .............................................................................. 1231

Joyce Jones • Emily Erbelding  

Chapter 108 Medicolegal Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Assault ...................................................... 1236

Margaret R. Hammerschlag  

Chapter 109 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Screening and Diagnostic Practices ................................................................... 1242

Charlotte A. Gaydos  

Chapter 110 Sexually Transmitted Infections Related Genital Neoplasias ................................................................................... 1251

Suzanne M. Garland  

Chapter 111 HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Human Rights ...................................................................................... 1259

Chris Beyrer • Stefan D. Baral  

Chapter 112 Animal Models of Sexually Transmitted Infections .................................................................................................... 1269

Roger G. Rank • Richard B. Pyles  

section xvi Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV  

— Basil Donovan  

Chapter 113 Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections ..................................................................... 1299

Ahmed S. Latif • Charles Mutandwa  

Chapter 114 Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV in Industrialized and Middle Income Countries—

Adults, Adolescents, and Pediatric .................................................................................................................................1310

Saliya Hewagama • Jennifer Hoy  

Chapter 115 Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV and AIDS in Resource-Limited Countries ............................................ 1328

Chris Duncombe • Deepti Suri  

Chapter 116 Guidelines for Prevention of Perinatal HIV Infection ............................................................................................... 1345

Surjit Singh • Deepti Suri  

Chapter 117 Guidelines for the Management of HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections ................................................... 1358

Phillip J. Read  

Index .........................................................................................................................................1369